Chapter 11: Heat and Thermodynamics

This is a eleventh chapter of the book Physics 11 published by Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board, Lahore, Pakistan.

After studying this chapter the students will be able to:

• State the basic postulates of Kinetic theory of gases.
• Explain how molecular movement causes the pressure exerted by a gas and derive the equation $P = 2/3 N_0 <\frac{1}{2} mv^2>$. where $N_o$ is the number of molecules per unit volume of the gas.
• Deduce that the average translational kinetic energy of molecules is proportional to temperature of the gas.
• Derive gas laws on the basis of Kinetic theory.
• Describe that the internal energy of an ideal gas is due to kinetic energy of its molecules.
• Understand and use the terms work and heat in thermodynamics.
• Differentiate between isothermal and adiabatic processes.
• Explain the molar specific heats of a gas.
• Apply first law of thermodynamics to derive $C_p - C_v= R$.
• Explain the second law of thermodynamics and its meaning in terms of entropy.
• Understand the concept of reversible and irreversible processes.
• Define the term heat engine.
• Understand and describe Carnot theorem.
• Describe the thermodynamic scale of temperature.
• Describe the working of petrol and diesel engines.
• Explain the term entropy.
• Explain that change in entropy $\bigtriangleup S = \pm \frac {\bigtriangleup Q}{T}$
• Appreciate environmental crisis as an entropy crisis.