Chapter 08: Measurements

This is a eighth chapter of the book Physics 11 published by Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board, Lahore, Pakistan.

After studying this chapter the students will be able to:

• Recall the generation and propagation of waves.
• Describe the nature of the motions in transverse and longitudinal waves.
• Understand and use the term wavelength, frequency and speed of wave.
• Understand and use the equation $v=f \lambda$
• Understand and describe Newton's formula of speed of sound.
• Drive Laplace correction in Newton's formula of speed of sound for air.
• Derive the formula $v=v_0 +0.61 t$.
• Recognize and describe the factors on which speed of sound in air depends.
• Explain and use the principle of superposition.
• Understand the terms interference and beats.
• Describe the phenomena of interference and beats giving examples of sound waves.
• Understand and describe reflection of waves.
• Describe experiments, which demonstrate stationary waves for stretched strings and vibrating air columns.
• Explain the formation of a stationary wave using graphical method.
• Understand the terms node and anti-node.
• Understand and describe nodes of vibration of string.
• Understand and describe Doppler's effect and its causes.
• Recognize the applications of Doppler's effect in radar, sonar, astronomy, satellite and radar speed traps.