====== Chapter 18: Electronics ======
This is a eighteenth chapter of the book Physics 12 published by Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board, Lahore, Pakistan.

After studying this chapter, the students will be able to:

  * Describe forward and reserve biasing of a p-n junction.
  * Understand half and full wave rectification.
  * Know the uses of light emitting diode, photo diode and photo voltaic cell.
  * Describe the operation of transistor.
  * Know current equation and solve related problems.
  * Understand the use of transistors as an amplifier and a switch.
  * Understand operational amplifier and its characteristics.
  * Know the applications of an operational amplifier as inverting and non-inverting amplifier using virtual ground concept.
  * Understand the use of an operational amplifier as a comparator e.g. , night switch.
  * Understand the function of each of the following logic gates: AND, NOT, OR and NAND gates and represent their functions by means of truth tables (limited to a maximum of two inputs).
  * Describe how to combine different gates to form XOR and XNOR gates.
  * Understand combinations of logic gates to perform control functions.

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| **Question**: |{{ :fsc-pctb-12:notes:fsc-pctb-12-questions-ch18.pdf |Download PDF}} |
| **Numerical**: |{{ :fsc-pctb-12:notes:fsc-pctb-12-numericals-ch18.pdf |Download PDF}} |
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{{tag>FSc FSc_Part2 PCTB Notes}}