====== Chapter 11: Heat and Thermodynamics ======
{{ :fsc-pctb-11:notes:fsc-pctb-11-notes-ch11.jpg?nolink&600|Chapter 11: Heat and Thermodynamics}}
This is a eleventh chapter of the book Physics 11 published by Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board, Lahore, Pakistan.

After studying this chapter the students will be able to:

  * State the basic postulates of Kinetic theory of gases.
  * Explain how molecular movement causes the pressure exerted by a gas and derive the equation $P = 2/3 N_0 <\frac{1}{2} mv^2>$. where $N_o$ is the number of molecules per unit volume of the gas.
  * Deduce that the average translational kinetic energy of molecules is proportional to temperature of the gas.
  * Derive gas laws on the basis of Kinetic theory.
  * Describe that the internal energy of an ideal gas is due to kinetic energy of its molecules.
  * Understand and use the terms work and heat in thermodynamics.
  * Differentiate between isothermal and adiabatic processes.
  * Explain the molar specific heats of a gas.
  * Apply first law of thermodynamics to derive $C_p - C_v= R$.
  * Explain the second law of thermodynamics and its meaning in terms of entropy.
  * Understand the concept of reversible and irreversible processes.
  * Define the term heat engine.
  * Understand and describe Carnot theorem.
  * Describe the thermodynamic scale of temperature.
  * Describe the working of petrol and diesel engines.
  * Explain the term entropy.
  * Explain that change in entropy $\bigtriangleup S = \pm \frac {\bigtriangleup Q}{T}$
  * Appreciate environmental crisis as an entropy crisis.

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| **Theory**: |{{ :fsc-pctb-11:notes:fsc-pctb-11-theory-ch11.pdf |Download PDF}} |
| **Question**: |{{ :fsc-pctb-11:notes:fsc-pctb-11-questions-ch11.pdf |Download PDF}} |
| **Numerical**: |{{ :fsc-pctb-11:notes:fsc-pctb-11-numericals-ch11.pdf |Download PDF}} |
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